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Event

Workshop on Situation Recognition (SIREMTI2015)

UPDATE 2: The deadline for submissions was extended to 30th September, 2015.

UPDATE: The workshop was relocated to MobiCASE2015 conference in November
2015, Berlin, Germany. The deadline for submissions is currently 11th September 2015.

(I am on the Programme Committee.)

Important dates and submission information: Workshop Homepage

From the CfP:

This workshop aims at merging research works relevant to mining temporal information from any kind of data with a special focus on (but not limited to) the following methods:

  • Trend Mining
  • Temporal Data Mining
  • Topic Mining and Mining of Users Posts
  • Data-based Situation Recognition
  • Intelligent Situation Recognition
  • Wireless Data Mining
  • Signal Detection and Analysis
  • Complex Event Processing and Messaging Analytics
  • Semantic Complex Event Processing
  • Data Stream Processing
  • Data Mining on Streaming Data
  • Semantic Technologies for Situation Recognition
Categories
Event

RDF Stream Processing Workshop at ESWC2015, Call for Papers

In conjunction with the 12th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2015). May 31th, 2015 in Portoroz, Slovenia.

From the Call for Papers:

The goal of this workshop is to bring together interested members of the community to:

  • Demonstrate their latest advances in stream processing systems for RDF.
  • Foster discussion for agreeing on a core model and query language for RDF streams.
  • Involve and attract people from related research areas to actively participate in the RSP Community Group.

(I am on the Programme Committee.)

Another workshop was accepted, called DeRiVE which seems to focus more on applications of RDF events whereas RSP ist more technical focusing on streaming and processing real-time streams.

Categories
TechReport

An RDF Model for Events

Why do we need an event model? Many RDF streaming systems discussed have little or no model for the real-time data they ingest. These systems make the lowest common assumptions about the structure of the data, i.e. that the data consist of a stream of RDF triples. Thus, each piece of real-time data (event) is one triple. One triple, however, cannot hold a lot of information. For example: flexibility in timstamping (one vs. two timestamps or application time vs. system time) is only possible if timstamps can be attached to event structure. Flat triples cannot do that. Another example is when typing data, the triple <myInstance> rdf:type <MyClass> can introduce a type, but the event (one triple) is "full". This means that any structure in the data must be inferred from more than one event. However, consumers cannot make assumptions about events which are not yet received: Events occur spontaneously and event consumers are often decoupled from the senders (cf. publish/subscribe systems). Therefore, structure is needed in individual events.

Events should be self-describing. A common understanding of data is crucial for consumers and producers 1, especially in a distributed and heterogeneous system such as the Web. Therefore, a consumer must find a way to understand received events which entails the need for a universal event model 1.

Model

The figure shows the event model in a class diagram 2. The class "Event" at bottom left of the figure is the superclass for any event to conform to our model. This class makes use of related work by inheriting from the class "DUL:Event" from Dolce Ultralight based on DOLCE 3. That class provides a notion of time and helps distinguish events (things that happen) from facts (which are always valid).

Event Model

In accordance with our requirements 2 some properties are mandatory while the rest are optional. An instance of class Event MUST have (i) a type, (ii) at least one timestamp and (iii) a relevant stream. We describe the event properties in detail as follows.

The type of an event must be specified using rdf:type. The type must be the class Event or any subclass.

The event model supports interval-based events as well as point-based events by either using just the property :endTime for a point or both :startTime and :endTime for an interval. The property :endTime thus has a cardinality of [1..1] whereas :startTime has a cardinality of [0..1]. Both temporal properties are subproperties of DUL:hasEventDate from the super class. We improve the semantics by distinguishing start from end whereas the superclass has an alternative, more difficult way of formulating intervals using subobjects reifying the interval.

The property :stream associates an event with a stream. Streams are used in our system as a unit of organisation for events governing publish/subscribe and access control. Streams themselves are modelled using title, description and a topic needed for topic-based publish/subscribe.

The first optional property is :location. For for geo-referencing of events (where necessary) we re-use the basic geo vocabulary from the W3C 4. The property may be used to locate events in physical locations on the globe. The property is subproperty of DUL:hasLocation and geo:location to inherit the semantics from those schemas.

Inter-event relationships may be supported by linking a complex event to the simple events which caused it. Thus, RDF Lists may be used in :members to maintain an ordered and complete account of member events. The linked events are identified by their URI. These linked events could have further member events themselves. This facilitates modelling of composite events 5. The :members property is a subproperty of DUL:hasConstituent from the superclass.

The property :eventPattern may be used to link a complex event to the pattern which caused the event to be detected. Direct links to event patterns may be provided by RESTful services. Using such links can help in recording provenance of derived events.

The source of an event may be specified using the :source property. This is an optional property to record the creator of an event where needed. The property is a subproperty of DUL:involvesAgent. Agents may be human or non-human.

A human readable synopsis of an event may be added using the :message property. This proves useful in scenarios where events are received by human end users. The :message property is a subproperty of dc:title, a popular way of describing things using natural language. Multilingualism is provided by the feature of language tags for string literals in RDF 6.

N-ary predicates 7 may be used to maintain event properties which are valid only for a specific event, e.g. a volatile sensor reading such as the temperature measurement belonging to a specific event. For example, instead of plainly stating the disputable fact that "the city of Nice has a temperature in Celsius of 23 degrees" which looks like this:

dbpedia:Nice :curTemp "23" .

We can instead state that the city of Nice has said temperature but qualified by the conjunction with a given event "e2" in the following n-ary predicate:

dbpedia:Nice :curTemp [
    rdf:value "23" ;
    :event  <http://events...org/ids/e2#event>
] .

Endowment of further structure for events is left to domain-specific schemas. For example the W3C Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) Ontology may be added if fine-grained modelling of sensors and pertaining sensor readings is needed.

Example

The listing below shows several facts about our event model along an example. The listing uses the example of a Facebook event generated by our event adapter described in 2.

@prefix :       <http://events.event-processing.org/types/> .
@prefix e:      <http://events.event-processing.org/ids/> .
@prefix user:   <http://graph.facebook.com/schema/user#> .
@prefix xsd:    <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

e:5534987067802526 {
    <http://events.event-processing.org/ids/5534987067802526#event>
        a :FacebookStatusFeedEvent ;
        :endTime "2012-03-28T06:04:26.522Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
        :status "I bought some JEANS this morning" ;
        :stream <http://streams...org/ids/FacebookStatusFeed#stream> ;
        user:id "100000058455726" ;
        user:link <http://graph.facebook.com/roland.stuehmer#> ;
        user:location "Karlsruhe, Germany" ;
        user:name "Roland Stühmer" .
}
  1. The example shows an event using quadruples in TriG syntax 8. The graph name (a.k.a context) before the curly braces is used as a unique identifier, e.g. to enable efficient indexing of contiguous triples in the storage backend for historic events.
  2. The event in this example has the ID 5534987067802526 as part of its URI. There is a distinction made between URIs for things and URIs for their information resources, i.e. the event object 5534987067802526#event and the Web document 5534987067802526 describing the event. The two URIs might carry, e.g. a different creation date, which is why it can be important to separate them. The fragment identifier #event is used to differentiate them. See 9 for an in-depth discussion of the matter of disambiguation (also known as the httpRange-14 issue).
  3. There is an event type hierarchy from which the type Facebook-StatusFeedEvent is inherited. This hierarchy can be extended by any user by referencing the RDF type :Event as a super class.
  4. The event may link to entities from static Linked Data where further context for the event can be retrieved. In this example the event uses user:link where further context for the event can be retrieved, in this case from the Facebook Graph API. Facebook started publishing Linked Data as RDF 10.
  5. The event links to a stream which is a URI where current events can be obtained in real-time by dereferencing the link.
  6. The namespace event-processing.org is chosen as a generic home for this schema.

Conclusion

We are re-using and creating domain vocabularies to subclass the class Event. For example in the Facebook case we use the schema from the RDF/Turtle API provided by Facebook 10.

We developed this event model to satisfy requirements of an open platform where data from the Web can be re-used and which is extensible for open participation. Future updates to the event schema can be tracked on-line at 11.


  1. Rozsnyai, S.; Schiefer, J. & Schatten, A. Concepts and models for typing events for event-based systems Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems, ACM, 2007, 62-70 

  2. Stühmer, R. Web-oriented Event Processing Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT Scientific Publishing, Karlsruhe, 2014 

  3. Gangemi, A.; Guarino, N.; Masolo, C.; Oltramari, A. & Schneider, L. Sweetening Ontologies with DOLCE Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. Ontologies and the Semantic Web, Springer-Verlag, 2002, 166-181 

  4. Brickley, D. Basic Geo (WGS84 lat/long) Vocabulary, 2003 

  5. Luckham, D. C. & Schulte, R. Event Processing Glossary – Version 2.0, 2011 

  6. Klyne, G. & Carroll, J. J. Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax 2004 

  7. Noy, N. & Rector, A. Defining N-ary Relations on the Semantic Web World Wide Web Consortium, 2006 

  8. Bizer, C. & Cyganiak, R. RDF 1.1 TriG, 2014 

  9. Berners-Lee, T. What HTTP URIs Identify? — Design Issues, 2005 

  10. Weaver, J. & Tarjan, P. Facebook Linked Data via the Graph API Semantic Web Journal, IOS Press, 2012 

  11. Harth, A. & Stühmer, R. Publishing Event Streams as Linked Data Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik, 2011 

Categories
TechReport

RDF Access Control

There are several approaches to modelling access control using RDF. The approaches use RDF as a modelling language for permissions linking users with user’s rights on the one hand and on the other hand are used on RDF data granting access to users (linking permissions with data). All approaches grant access to RDF resources while assuming what is not granted is forbidden.

Related Work

The S4AC Vocabulary Specification 0.21 defines access rights tailored towards RDF query answering, i.e. SPARQL processing. The vocabulary defines access rights Create, Read, Update and Delete. The model is very expressive by allowing fine-grained access condition modelled as contextual queries against arbitrary context data to check. However, the integration with SPARQL is not applicable for our system as not all operations require a query such as a plain subscription to a stream.

SIOC Access is a part of the SIOC specification2. It is a very simple but extensible vocabulary to define permissions in the scope of the social Web. The vocabulary does not have any predefined rights. The lack of rights, the focus on social communities and its lack of traction on the Web are the drawbacks of this candidate when choosing a model for access control in our system.

The W3C WebAccessControl (WAC)3 is a generic vocabulary declaring some predefined rights (Read, Write, Append, Control) on Web information resources. Streams in our system are information resources so the vocabulary can be used without change. Access rights must be extended for our system to govern the real-time access Notify and Subscribe in addition to the predefined rights Read and Write for static data.

Our System, Using Access Control for Streaming Data

Data in our system4 is organized in streams (cf. topic-based publish/subscribe). Attributing access control on a per-stream granularity was chosen. Finer granularity such as per-event attribution was discarded. The expected performance impact at runtime was thought to be unnecessarily high when having to check each event for each of its recipients before delivery. Coarser granularity such as granting access to all streams at once, however, was contradicting our requirement for multitenancy without having the ability to separate users.

After analysing the existing RDF models for access control mentioned above we concluded that W3C WebAccessControl was the most viable candidate of the three available candidates S4AC, SIOC Access and the W3C WebAccessControl. Reasons were its traction on the Web, its generality, and its ease of use compared to the other candidates (e.g. linking permissions with plain RDF resources instead of complex SPARQL queries to define rights).

The figure below shows the concepts of WebAccessControl (WAC). The bottom of the figure shows that a single permission (Authorization in WAC terms) is a ternary relation. It consists of an agent (who can access), an information resource (what) and a mode (how), cf. middle line of the figure. An example ternary relation is: Roland can access the TwitterFeed with permissions Subscribe and Read. The top left of the figure shows an agent can be either a group or an individual user’s account. User accounts can be members in groups. If accounts are defined in several locations, they can be declared to be the same.

Access Control Lists

In the figure the concepts from the WAC vocabulary are highlighted in blue colour. WAC has predefined access rights Read and Write for static data, cf. top right of the figure. For the use with real-time data we extended WAC with the rights Notify and Subscribe. The classes on white background in the figure are defined as part of this work. Finally, the classes in yellow are from the SIOC vocabulary.

The following listing in Turtle syntax shows two example authorizations p0001 and p0002 in the namespace permission starting on line 10 and 15. A user person:rs who is member of the group group:administrators is shown starting on line 20. Both permissions exhibit the ternary relation between who, what and how access is granted. The first permission states that Roland (rs) can access the TwitterFeed with permissions Subscribe and Read. The second permission states that group:administrators can access the FacebookStatusFeed with permission Write.


@prefix acl: http://www.w3.org/ns/auth/acl# .
@prefix foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ .
@prefix group: http://groups.event-processing.org/id/ .
@prefix permission: http://permissions.event-processing.org/id/ .
@prefix person: http://www.roland-stuehmer.de/profile# .
@prefix s: http://streams.event-processing.org/ids/ .
@prefix sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# .
@prefix wsnt: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsn/b-2/ .

permission:p0001
acl:accessTo s:TwitterFeed ;
acl:agent person:rs ;
acl:mode wsnt:Subscribe , acl:Read .

permission:p0002
acl:accessTo s:FacebookStatusFeed ;
acl:agent group:administrators ;
acl:mode acl:Write .

person:rs
sioc:member_of group:administrators ;
owl:sameAs http://data.semanticweb.org/person/roland-stuehmer .

When defining permissions, the streams are modelled as information resources (e.g. http://.../TwitterFeed on line 11 without the trailing #stream). Elsewhere, streams are modelled with their non-information resource (e.g. http://.../TwitterFeed#stream). Making this distinction (cf. the so-called httpRange-14 issue) we can attribute different metadata to the information for the stream (e.g. annotate permissions) and to the real-world stream (e.g. annotate its real-world event source or author).

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Uncategorised

Highlights from Research Project PLAY

My research project PLAY has had its final review meeting on Tuesday, November 26th, 2013.

Notable highlights from the project are:

  • Use of open Web Standards for event modelling, pattern modelling, access control for real-time/streaming data
  • Integrated Prototype (delivering a runnable architecture with all Open Source components)
  • Contribution to Open Source community, e.g. continued maintenance of RDF2Go, MultiActive objects for ProActive

Benefits PLAY can provide as a semantics-based event-driven platform for a use case of nuclear crisis management:

  • Eliminating superfluous, inaccurate or irrelevant information
  • Automating some analysis or actions based on predefined business rules
  • Reducing the time of information transmission between devices, stakeholders and decision makers
  • Increasing the reliability of knowledge (exhaustiveness)
  • Improving the agility capability of the crisis stakeholders

Benefits and opportunity PLAY can provide as an Event-driven Architecture and elastic platform to ORANGE Telecom:

  • QoS problems experienced by customers of LiveBox Pro can be detected in real-time
  • Improvement of knowledge about customer experience, reduction of after-sales costs with residential customers of 2G/3G data mobile services
  • Ability to to compare/challenge other Open Source platforms with PLAY such as Storm/kafka  + Hadoop/Hbase and commercial middleware products

Links:

  1. Opher Etzion (who is reviewer of PLAY together with Silvia Vecchi) blogged about PLAY: http://epthinking.blogspot.de/2013/11/on-play-project.html
  2. Project reports and published papers are here: PLAY publications
Categories
Event

Tutorial on Complex Event Processing

I gave a tutorial about Complex Event Processing and more specifically the PLAY semantic event format and query language at the Winter School on Knowledge Technologies for Complex Business Environments in Ljubljana on December 2, 2011 at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (FME).

CEP – Complex Event Processing
Roland Stühmer

Abstract:

Real-time has become one of the crucial characteristics of modern applications and is completely changing the game in the data processing. Due to its capability to support continual monitoring, real-time data processing has become a very important mechanism in many application areas: traffic management, logistics, eHealth, smart grids, to name but a few. In this talk we present technologies to deal with real-time data on-the-fly, challenges and possible solutions to deal with these challenges such as using Web-friendly standards to create open and extensible systems for real-time data.

See also: